The World s Total Freshwater Essay - 1909 Words

Introduction: Roughly two-thirds of the world’s population is expected to face water shortages within the next nine years (Hanjra Qureshi, 2010). This is likely to be the cause of conflicts and tensions between many nations, especially with the growing population, as water is a basic life necessity. To put the situation in perspective, a mere 2.5 percent of the world’s water supply is actually freshwater, and only about one percent is accessible for human use (Postel, Daily Ehrlich, 1996). In addition, this water is not evenly distributed, with some countries possessing significantly more than others. Canada is extremely fortunate in this matter, as it holds roughly 20 percent of the world’s total freshwater (Environment Canada, 2015). This puts it at a huge advantage in the coming years. Not all countries are as lucky. For instance, many states in America, such as California, are experiencing serious drought. Many believe that this puts Canadians in a good pos ition to sell freshwater for profit. Arguably, it would be a huge financial advantage for Canada, while simultaneously ending the American water crisis. Despite the possible economic benefits, Canada should not sell its freshwater to the United States, as it ignores Canadians in similar situations, supports unsustainable American practices, has negative implications for the surrounding ecosystems, and ignores the impact of climate change. Canadian Water Crisis: To start, Canada should not sell its freshwaterShow MoreRelatedSanitation Practices And Sustainable Water Systems1310 Words   |  6 Pagesneed for water increases and the amount of water on Earth remains constant, different issues stand out regarding the quality of water resources. 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UN Reform and Global Governance Free Essays

string(54) " of liberal institutionalism and collective security\." Introduction In the age of globalization, the importance of non-state actors in the international system has increased. The undermined capacity of the state has determined a new role for the international organizations in world politics (Strange, 2002; Baylis Smith, 2007; Brown, 2005; Karns Mingst, 2009; Kennedy, 2006). Since the end of the Cold War, several major developments have shaped the international system, and classic ideas of state sovereignty were replaced by models of world governance and international society of states (Wendt, 2003). We will write a custom essay sample on UN Reform and Global Governance or any similar topic only for you Order Now The deepening and widening of European Union integration (Nugent, 2006) was only one of the signs of the revival of liberal institutionalism. In the 1990s, the growing presence of the United Nations as a peace-keeper in war torn regions such as the Democratic Republic of Congo, Rwanda and Kosovo was an important signifier for the inclination of international organisations to mark the next step in collective security, as a replication to the newly emerged threats to security (Kaldor, 1999; Smith, 2006; Paese, 2003). Criticisms from neo-realists that international organizations are marked by excessive governmentalism and are predominantly bound by national interest (Mearsheimer, 1994) have encouraged scholars and decision-makers to intensively discuss institutional reform in the United Nations and its governing bodies (Paese, 2003; Luck, 2006; Gupta, 2006; Wouters Ruys, 2005). The discourse on the UN reform has repeatedly changed its nuances in the last decades, but the recurring ones revolve around democratic representation, transparency, and efficient decision-making (Kenney, 2006; Luck, 2006). This essay will critically discuss the most important reforms of the UN, in the context of a changing global environment. It will focus on two of the most important aspects of the UN reform – the decision-making process in the Security Council (the removal of the veto power in particular), and democratic reform, related to representation and direct election of the Secretary General. The essay wil l separately discuss these reforms, assessing their potential advantages and limitations, and their feasibility in the future. For clarity, the essay is divided in several sections: 2) Research question and criteria, 3) Institutional reform and decision-making, 4) Political reform and democracy and 5) Conclusion. Research question and method This essay will argue that the most important reform of the UN needs to take place in two directions: institutional, which is related to the decision-making process in the Security Council, and the removal of the existing veto, and political, which is related to democratization of the UN and the direct election of the Secretary General by popular vote of the citizens. The essay will argue that institutional reform is necessary, in order to make the UN a more efficient decision-maker. Political reform is also necessary in order to transform the UN from an arena for popular debate, into a political body, which represents the will of the people. In order to defend these arguments, the author will use two criteria, which will be examined in the discussion of the proposed reforms. They will assess the effectiveness of the proposed reform as a policy, and will make projections for its future completion. The first criterion therefore is efficiency, and it will measure the usefulness and necessity of the proposed reform to make the UN. The second criterion is feasibility, and it will assess how doable the discussed reforms are. Also, it will briefly present potential obstacles for their implementation. Institutional reform and decision-making 3.1 Problems with the veto power Reform of the Security Council is crucial, because it is one of the key institutions in the organisation. It carries the responsibility for authorizing and coordinating collective action in global peace-keeping. According to the Global Policy Forum, between 1946 and 2004, 257 vetoes have been imposed, meaning that over 200 resolutions have been rejected (Global Policy Forum cited in Wouters Ruys, 2005: 9). At present, the permanent members of the Security Council – France, China, United States, Russia and United Kingdom – have the right to place a veto on any resolution, which they disapprove of. The right to veto has been established in Chapter VI of the United Nations Charter (Charter of the United Nations, 1945). Each of the permanent members has a veto power and they can use it to block any legislation they decide to stand against. Despite its conception as a safeguard against another major war among the great powers, the veto right is often considered one of the i nstitutional flaws of the Security Council (Gupta, 2006; Malone, 2004), because in order for resolutions to pass, the unanimity of all five members is required. This paralyses the decision-making capacity of the Security Council, especially when it comes to conflict settlement which requires military intervention or economic sanctions. The veto often leads to excessive politicization of the decision-making process (Wouters Ruys, 2005). Historic examples often cited by UN scholars include the paralysis of the Security Council during the Cold War, when the ideological opposition between the United States and the Soviet Union led to the practical inability of the Security Council to pass any decisions (Paese, 2003; Wouters Ruys, 2005; Kennedy, 2006). Another example which has recently gained notorious prominence relates to the Arab uprising, and the inability of the Security Council to impose economic sanctions on Syria, because of the veto, used by two of the permanent members †“ Russia and China (Guardian, 2011). As a result, mass killings committed by President Assad and his regime were not stopped, and threatened to spill over into a violent civil war. These are only two of the myriad of examples, which disclose the inability of the Security Council to act unilaterally in cases of international emergency, and the brevity of this paper does not allow the discussion of other examples. Here it is more important to note that the existing veto reflects not only the structural incapacity of the voting-process, but also the deeply political character of the resolutions passed by the Security Council. On many occasions the veto power has prevented cooperation, and has stood against the ideas of liberal institutionalism and collective security. You read "UN Reform and Global Governance" in category "Essay examples" 3.2 Efficiency Removing the veto is technically related to changing the existing voting procedure in the Security Council, which at present requires the unanimity of all members. As an alternative, the unanimity could be replaced by a qualified majority, which would require 2/3 of the votes. With qualified majority, the chances to pass resolutions and make the Security Council an efficient decision-maker increase. In a world where there are new threats to security such as sub-state actors, ideological wars, and terrorism, a removal of the veto is absolutely essential. This would ensure that the Security Council will acquire a more interventionist, rather than supervisory approach to world affairs, and will increase its legitimacy as the keeper of the peace. Since the end of the Cold War, and the more intensive role of the UN in international peace-keeping, the reform of the Security Council and the existing voting procedure has often been criticized by neo – realists and critics of liberal i nstitutionalism, who believe that national interest cannot be overpowered by ideas of suparnationalism and the pool of sovereignty, especially when it comes to matters of security and defence (Mearsheimer, 1994). Proponents of the UN reform are quite aware of the potential challenges, which the veto power poses to collective security in terms of decision-making (Gupta, 2006; Kennedy, 2006; Malone, 2004). Therefore in order to achieve institutional efficiency, the reform of the Security Council in relation to the veto is essential. 3.3 Feasibility For the purposes of this essay it is important to discuss the feasibility of the proposed removal of the veto, which to this day remains a challenging topic. In reality, the main obstacles to this reform are related to possible opposition from the existing permanent members. In the aftermath of the failures of the Security Council to impose sanctions on Syria, some of the permanent members such as France and the United Kingdom expressed views that reforms towards efficiency of the decision-making power is necessary and desirable (Guardian, 2011). At present however, relinquishing the veto remains only a prescription. This is largely due to the fact that holding a veto power grants the five countries not only institutional strength within the UN framework, but also excessive political power as decision-makers on a global level. A second obstacle of removing the veto is related to the actual reform of the existing UN Charter, and the legislative incorporation of a new voting and decisi on-making procedure. Its adoption and ratification is a lengthy process, because it might necessitate amendments in the UN Charter, and approval of 2/3 of all the 193 members of United Nations (Malone, 2004: 253). In sum, the removal of the veto power of the Security Council is one of the most important prerequisites for the increased efficiency of the UN in international peace keeping. Obstacles to its implementation include lack of political will from existing permanent members. In addition, the adoption and ratification of the new procedure would involve re-drafting of the UN Charter, which can be a time consuming process. Further reforms of the Security Council which are often discussed are related to representation and extending the permanent membership to include countries like India, Germany and Japan. These reforms however, would be the topic of another discussion. Political reform and democracy Problems of democracy and legitimacy The second most important reform of the UN is related to the improvement of its democratic character and popular representation. It is a widespread criticism, that the UN does not reflect the will of the citizens of the member states. At present, the UN Secretary General is a politically appointed figure, and not directly elected. Despite the fact that the role of the UN Secretary General is largely representative, according to some (Malone, 2004; Moore Pubantz, 2006) this post requires a popular vote, in order to secure the position of the UN as a world government. Efficiency The changing global environment necessitates that international institutions become more transparent and accountable to the public (Paese, 2003; Kennedy, 2006). A direct vote for the President of the UN would mean that countries are represented and equally respected as members of the UN. Also, the democratic election of the Secretary General would increase the popularity and legitimacy of UN actions. Feasibility In practice there are some obstacles to the direct election of the Secretary General. In reality, the organization of national elections in all countries for the election of UN President is a formidable and expensive administrative task. This would involve preparation on national level, in countries of different size and population. In addition, a difference in political regimes would not allow for a synchronized election procedure. For example the election in communist China would have to be held differently than the elections in a country with a democratic tradition like the United States. One solution would be for a universal electoral and voting system to be devised, where ballots would be cast directly to the UN level. At present however, this solution remains of highly prescriptive value. In sum, a democratic reform of the UN is a necessary step in the transformation of the organization from an arena for international debate, into a global government, where synchronized decisions are taken and implemented. The first step to this transformation would involve the direct election of the Secretary General. Other reforms of the UN related to higher levels of democratization involve transparency of the UN Secretariat, which is at present often criticised for being overtly bureaucratic and overridden by administrative problems (Kennedy, 2006). These reforms however will be the topic of another discussion. Conclusion This essay has critically discussed two of the most important reforms of the UN. The first one needs to take place within the Security Council. Theremoval of the existing veto power of the permanent members is one way for making one of the key decision-making bodies of the UN more efficient. The growing role of UN in international peace-keeping necessitates a more efficient voting procedure, which would secure a more substantial role of the UN in international development. A second reform which this paper discussed was related to the democratic deficit of which the UN is often accused, and the direct election of the Secretary General. Despite the series of political and institutional obstacles, which these reforms pose and the significant amount of time required for their adoption, they are an important prerequisite for the development of a global community, with the UN at its core. Bibliography: Baylis, J. Smith, S. (2007) eds, The Globalization of World Politics. Oxford: Oxford University Press Brown, C., (2005) Understanding International Relations, Palgrave: Macmillan Charter of the United Nations (1945) Chapter VI: The Security Council, Available at: http://www.un.org/en/documents/charter/chapter6.shtml Retrieved 15.04.2012 Guardian (2011) â€Å"Russia and China veto UN resolution against Syrian regime†, Wednesday, 5 October, Available at: http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/oct/05/russia-china-veto-syria-resolution Retrieved: 15.04.2012 Gupta, K. R (2006) Reform of the UN, Vol.1 Atlantic Publishers Dist, Kaldor, M. (1999) New and Old Wars: Organized Violence in a Global Era. Cambridge: Polity Press Karns, M. Mingst, K. (2009) International organizations: the politics and processes of global governance, Lynne Rienner Publishers Kennedy, P. (2006) The Parliament of Man: The past, Present and Future of the United Nations, London: Penguin Books Luck, E. (2006) The UN Security Council: Practice and Promise, Routledge Malone, D. (2004) The UN Security Council: from the Cold War to the 21st century Lynne Rienner Publishers, p. 253 Mearsheimer, J. (1994) â€Å"The False Promise of International Institutions†, International Security, Vol. 3 (19), pp. 5-49 Moore, J.A. Pubantz, J. (2008) The New United Nations: International Organization in the Twenty-First Century, Prentice Hall, PTR Nugent, N. (2006) The Government and Politics of the European Union, Duke University Press Pease, K. S. (2003) International Organizations. Perspectives for Governance in the 21st century.2nd Edition, Prentice Hall Shaw, M. (2005) The New Western Way of War: Risk Transfer war and its Crisis in Iraq, Cambridge: Polity Press Smith, R. (2006) The Utility of Force: The Art of War in the Modern World London: Penguin Strange, S. (2002) The Declining Authority of States, in The Global Transformations Reader: an Introduction to the Globalization Debate, 2nd edition, Held and MacGrew (eds) Cambridge: Polity Press, pp.127-134 Wendt, A. (2003) Why a World State is Inevitable, European Journal of International Relations December vol. 9 no. 4, pp. 491-542 Wouters, J. Ruys, T. (2005) â€Å"Security Council Reform: a New Veto for a New Century†, ROYAL INSTITUTE FOR INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS (IRRI-KIIB), Brussels, August, Academia Press How to cite UN Reform and Global Governance, Essay examples

Decline of ABC Learning HIH Insurance †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Decline of ABC Learning HIH Insurance. Answer: Introduction: Winding up is more popularly known as the process of liquidation of the company that is associated with the proceedings through which all the affairs of the business are wound up. Its rights and liabilities are discerned and the claims of the creditors are settled either completely or to the extent as it may be warranted by the assets of the company. Large number of the companies functions at the discretion of the board of directors (Carlonet al. 2015). The board of directors forms the central part of the management of the company. They possess of powers of undertaking the decision for the company. The decisions are usually undertaken in context with the interest of the shareholders and stakeholders of the organization. Decision-making forms the effective tool in determining the longevity of the organization as it forms the essence of survival for the organization. The effective operations of any organizations is generally regarded the corporate governance. The effectiveness of the performance of an organization is based on the principles, guidelines and the provisions of numerous statutes that is prevalent in a nation (Macve 2015). Failure to abide by the principles of governance will reflect an organizations incapability of complying with the guiding principles of effective governance. The study is based on the determining the winding up of the companies such as ABC Learning, HIH Insurance and One Tel phone company (Atrill and McLaney 2016). The report also focuses on the reason behind the liquidation of the above stated companies together with the principles of ethics and corporate governance. Overview of the companies: ABC Learning: ABC learning in the earlier years was viewed as one of the largest company in Australia serving in the areas of educations. The company was listed on the Australian Securities Exchange having a market capitalisation of the approximately A $2.5 billion (Barkeret al. 2014). The company however went into the managerial receivership following the fallout from the subprime mortgage crisis because of the debt repayments to overwhelm the organizations. The auditors failed to sign off on the monetary reports by citing the requirement of recasting the profits of the preceding years. The company was formed in the year 1988 in Queensland. Ever since the inception of the company it was successful in establishing more than nine hundred centres throughout Australia and New Zealand by the year 2006. During the month of 2006 ABC learning announced that it would acquire second largest child care provider located in United States for a sum of 330 million US dollars together with the acquisition of Busy Bees Group which is viewed as the 5th largest provider in UK (Tricker and Tricker 2015). With this acquisition the company expanded into the UK and US market with a market share of 1 per cent. One Tel Phone: One Tel is regarded as the group of Australian based telecommunications companies that was established in the year 1995 soon after the deregulations of the Australian telecommunications industry with most of them are currently under the external management by the court appointed liquidators. The basic business purpose of the company was that the company will be giving more focus on the delivery of better service to meet the wants and needs of the customers (Dimopoulos and Wagner 2016). One Tel attempted to establish a youth oriented image to sell the mobile phone and One.Net internet service. Prior to the collapse One Tel became the fourth largest telecommunications company. The original through process of the company commenced from a very simple initiative of starting a new mobile phone company where an average individual would understand. The company majorly focused on the people and the residential market as opposite to the commercial business. The company wanted the consumer or t he regularly person to gain the access of the entire suite of the telephone products which ultimately resulted in high marketing of the company. HIH Insurance: The HIH Insurance Company came in to the business of insurance and was regarded as the major insurance company in Australia. Through the years of 1997 and 1998 HIH Winterthur acquired a large number of companies both in Australia and globally. In the year 1992, HIH was listed on the Australian Stock Exchange and in the year 1995, the company sells the stake to the insurer based in Switzerland and ultimately changed the name of the company to HIH Winterthur.This comprises of the Colonial Ltd General Insurance operations in Australia and New Zealand. The liquidators have estimated that the HIH is total amount of losses stood up to $5.3 billion. Investigations into the cause of the collapse of the company have resulted in the conviction and imprisonment of large number of members of HIH management on numerous charges related to fraud (Pearson 2016). The fall of HIH is regarded as the largest corporate collapse in the history of Australia. Events that contributed to the winding up and the failure of corporate governance: HIH Insurance: The below stated events have resulted the company in to liquidations; HIH acquired the business of the FAI Insurance that comprises of more investment that is hazardous in the business of insurance. Because of this, the company had incurred a considerable amount of damage. Another risky event leading to the downfall of the HIH was the entering in the financing of films that ultimately resulted in huge amount of loss of over one hundred million dollar over the year (Morgan 2014). HIH suffered a huge financial loss when the natural disaster struck at Florida; this ultimately resulted in occurrence of huge amount of debt, which contributed to the loss of HIH business. Another noteworthy cause of demise of the HIH was the abrupt change in the policy of compensation payment that was paid to the workers working in the Californian industry (Macve 2015). This ultimately contributed to huge monetary loss and fall of HIH. The provisional liquidators have estimated that HIH has lost over $800 million over the span of six months and this was attributed to the quicker expansion, unsupervised delegation of the authorities and complex structure reinsurance. One Tel: The below stated are the following reasons for liquidations of the company; One Tel has been constantly reporting superior amount of profit and deferred its expenses over the period of three years. The practices adopted in financial reporting was against the standards of accounting and policies of bookkeeping that is generally considered by companies across the world. The emergence of problems originated from the year 2000 when One Tel reported a loss of $291 million. This resulted the price of share to fall below $1. The company started to run out of the fund by the end of April in the year 2001 with director Rodney Adler selling 5 million shares for $2.5 million (Geisler and Wickramasinghe 2015). The reported of the administrators report defined that the company became insolvent and had commenced laying off the workforce of 1400. The liquidation followed a report that sought for the compensation of $92 million from the director of One Tel because the company did not exercise its power with regard to appropriate due care and diligence (Dimopoulos and Wagner 2016). Another reason that resulted in the decline of One Tel is that the company charged a price of One seventh from the customers in considerations that the company will in future recover the cost of purchase however this did not happened. Soon the company began running into the problems of low cash, which eventually contributed, to the liquidation of the company. ABC learning:The below stated are the following reasons for liquidations of the company; ABC learning unexpectedly suffered a fall of 42 per cent in the profit during the second half of 2007 for a sum of $37.1 million and its liability to service incurred a debt of $1.8 billion that ultimately triggered in the fall of companys share price. The combined effect of falling share price caused it to fall by 43 per cent to $2.15 after trading with a low of $1.15 (Slade and Prinsloo 2013). By the end of the period of selling the founder of ABC learning had to virtually sell all their stakes of $20 million and $6 million respectively for a sum of 2.7 million. This ultimately led to suspension of trade for ABC learning after the companys failure to release its earnings for the financial year of 2007-08. In spite off selling all the assets the company fell into the receivership during the year 2008 following a massive increase in the debt servicing obligations and its auditors failed to sign off the accounts. The company followed the incorrect method of accounting of its intangible assets such as Goodwill. ABC learning valued its goodwill to $2.4 billion of the licenses and other intangible assets but only charged an impairment of $8.4 million (Krieret al. 2014). As a result of this the future amount of cash flow that was taken for valuation of intangibles were found to be wrong that ultimately resulted in loss of profits by 42 per cent. This could be attributed as one of the prime reasons for the fall of ABC learning. Ethical Strain: HIH Insurance: HIH insurance had acquired the FAI Insurance without gaining the approval from the Board of Directors and instantly Winterthur disposed his shares and simultaneously resigned from the company. It can be concluded that the company suffered from a poor corporate governance (Damiani, Bourne and Foo 2015). Prior to the liquidation, it can be stated that the company suffered from poor decision making as it entered into the venture that were involved more risk such as financing of film, marine and natural disaster. The ethical issue that contributed to the demise is that prior to the acquisition the company did not paid adequate attention in carrying out the work with due diligence and it was noticed that there was a constant change in the managerial position (Betta 2016). Mr William was charged with the charges of improper management of the company, issuing of prospectus with material omission and overstating the profits in the books of accounts for the fiscal year of 1998-99. One Tel: By violating the rules and accounting practices, it can be stated that One Tel had effected the compliance ethics Concerning the operations of the companies, the administrators of HIH failed to monitor the financial performance of the organization and even ignored the areas of investment that contained high risk (Union 2014). The failure in the adoption of strong pricing strategy by the directors could be considered as one of the prime reason for the liquidation of HIH, which ultimately resulted in loss of income and problems of liquidity (Northouse 2015). It can concluded that the directors failed to act ethically in discharge of business obligations. ABC Learning: For ABC Learning one of the prime reason for the liquidation is the incorrect adoption of accounting policies that ultimately led to fraudulent accounting practices. It can be stated that the ABC Learnings ethically displayed a weak bookkeeping practices, which can be altered and modified to suit the business needs (Cornelissen and Cornelissen 2017). Another ethical issue that contributed to the liquidation of ABC Learning was the rendering of service to the customers. The customers and government concerning the improper rendering of service sued up against the company. Recommendations: As evident from the above stated discussion, it is understood that poor corporate forms have forced these companies to suffer losses. Not only monetary factor contributed to the liquidation of the company but ethical issues such as improper management have contributed to their demise. It is recommended that there must be an adequate management practices by giving due recognition to the interest of the stakeholders and shareholders. Conclusion: To conclude with, from the analysis it can be depicted that the main cause of liquidation for the above stated organizations was poor corporate governance and incorrect identification of risk in expanding the business. These firms even failed to adopt true and fair accounting practices to locate the areas of risk and financial position. Henceforth, these companies must strive in the interest of both stakeholders and shareholders. References: Atrill, P. and McLaney, E., 2016.Financial Accounting for Decision Makers 8th edn. Pearson Higher Ed. Barker, R., Lennard, A., Nobes, C., Trombetta, M. and Walton, P., 2014. Response of the EAA financial reporting standards committee to the IASB discussion paper A review of the conceptual framework for financial reporting.Accounting in Europe,11(2), pp.149-184. Betta, M., 2016. Three Case Studies: Australian HIH, American Enron, and Global Lehman Brothers. InEthicmentality-Ethics in Capitalist Economy, Business, and Society(pp. 79-97). Springer Netherlands. Carlon, S., McAlpine-Mladenovic, R., Palm, C., Mitrione, L., Kirk, N. and Wong, L., 2015.Financial Accounting: Reporting, Analysis and Decision Making. John Wiley and Sons Australia. Cornelissen, J. and Cornelissen, J.P., 2017.Corporate communication: A guide to theory and practice. Sage. Damiani, C., Bourne, N. and Foo, M., 2015. The HIH claims support scheme.Economic Round-up, (1), p.37. Dimopoulos, T. and Wagner, H.F., 2016. Corporate Governance and CEO Turnover Decisions. Geisler, E. and Wickramasinghe, N., 2015.Principles of knowledge management: Theory, practice, and cases. Routledge. Krier, P., Parman, A., Piercy, D., Erlandson, J., Keele, R., Hill, S.L. and Erlandson, J., 2014. CODE OF ETHICS. Macve, R., 2015.A Conceptual Framework for Financial Accounting and Reporting: Vision, Tool, Or Threat?.Routledge. Morgan, J., 2014. Too big to insure? Tabulating the costs of failure.Law and Financial Markets Review,8(2), pp.103-106. Northouse, P.G., 2015.Leadership: Theory and practice. Sage publications. Pearson, G., 2016. Failure in corporate governance: financial planning and greed.Handbook on Corporate Governance in Financial Institutions, p.185. Slade, S. and Prinsloo, P., 2013. Learning analytics: Ethical issues and dilemmas.American Behavioral Scientist,57(10), pp.1510-1529. Tricker, R.B. and Tricker, R.I., 2015.Corporate governance: Principles, policies, and practices. Oxford University Press, USA. Union, N.S.T., 2014. Code of ethics.private copy supplied by Bruce Kelloway, assistant executive director, NSTU.