Thermal Conductivity In Physical Engineering Engineering Essay

Thermal Conductivity In Physical Engineering Engineering Essay Thermal Conductivity  is an essential physical property for designing engineering process and measuring the capacity of temperature exchange between heat and cold passing through a material mass. Techniques were developed to measure thermal conductivity in a various materials, Hence the objective of this work was to evaluate the feasibility of utilizing different methods for measuring thermal conductivity as well as construction of the experimental assemble to measure thermal conductivity of numerous materials with the aim of analysis of the experimental data. This paper illustrates the methods of the measurements of thermal conductivity and the process by which it will be brought to a successful culmination. The study of thermal conductivity is important for engineers to know the nature of thermal energy, temperature and how materials store thermal energy as well as to predict the performance of any given material over its lifetime in a specific application. Also to identify the thermal properties of material so as to assess the performance of certain material and develop efficient heat transfer materials for engines and spacecrafts. This project has been taken on board, due to a lack of information and research available on thermal conductivity measurements. Heat is transferred by three procedures which include Conduction, Convection and Radiation. It engages transfer of thermal energy from one place to another. Thermal conductivity is a significant parameter for the analysis of heat transfer through conduction. Conduction takes place due to the particle collision which results in the transfer of thermal energy. Thermal conductivity (k) is an essential property of a material and defined as amount of heat transferred in a unit thickness of materials in a direction because of change in temperature in constant boundary state in a direction perpendicular to the area of transfer. It is measured in watts per Kelvin per meter (WK-1m-1) and determines the rate of energy loss through a material. The project is titled as study of methods for measurement of thermal conductivity. The project will present the literature review about the methods as well as conducting an experiment to measure the thermal conductivity of different materials. In addition, a thorough analysis of the experimental data is to be obtained while performing the experiment. The aims and objectives of this report pursue as: Understanding of theoretical and experimental methods to measure thermal conductivity of solids, liquids and gases. Construction of experimental rig. A thorough analysis of the experimental data. DELIVERABLES 3.1 GENERIC DELIVERABLES Based on the module guide, the following are the generic deliverables for the academic year 2010-2011; Semester Title Start Date Submission Date Semester 1 Preliminary start Monday 27th September Submit Project Planning Report + Log Book Friday 26th November Semester 2 Dissertation start Monday 31st January Project seminars and poster Week commencing 11th April Submission of final report Thursday 28th April Table 2 Delivery dates set by Kingston University for entire project 3.2 PROJECT DELIVERABLES The objectives of the project have been identified and analysed to produce the following deliverables that will have been produced at the end of the project Construction of an experimental rig to measure thermal conductivity of selected material Analysis of the experimental Data Comparison of the results ANALYSIS OF TASKS The tasks that need to be executed in order to achieve the aims of the project, produce the deliverables on schedule and bring the project to a successful end are as follows: Literature review of conductivity methods Journals Books E-resources Research Conductivity methods of solids Conductivity methods of Liquids Conductivity methods of gas Construction of the experimental Rig Results Comparison A literature review will give an insight into various methods of conductivity. Journals, books and other forms of resources will be used to get an understanding of current concepts of methods and recent modifications (Advantages, disadvantages and limitation). This will form the base of the construction of the experimental rig. Once the technique is selected to perform, various materials will be used to determine their conductivity and hence, the data obtained will be analysed. GANTT CHART A timeline/Gantt chart should be produced, showing the sequence and duration of the tasks over the project lifetime. A set of key milestones by which the project progress can be monitored may also be produced. Figure 1 Illustrate an Inital Gantt Chart PROGRESSION TO DATE As of 26/11/10 the project is at the beginning of the research phase. The literature review has been completed by looking into journals and online resources. The information gathered has been on advantages, disadvantages, limitation, process and setup of the conductivity measurement techniques. I have gathered and read a number of journals relating to conductivity measurements. 6.1 METHODS TO MEASURE THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF SOLIDS In solids, particles are packed close together by chemical bonds. As heat is transferred, the particles gains energy which results in increase in kinetic energy and particles vibrate against theneighbouring particles causing transfer of energy between the particles. Increase in temperature causes increase in thermal conductivity because of the mobility of boundless electrons. Heat energy is transferred in solids by means of lattice waves, electrical carriers and electromagnetic waves. In metals, the heat is largely transferred by electrical carriers whilst in insulators lattice waves carry large amount of heat. The change in magnitude and temperature of thermal conductivity of solids is due to the dislocations, imperfections of lattice forces and interface between lattice waves and carriers. However the change of thermal conductivity varies depending upon materials. A summary of different techniques to measure thermal conductivities is shown on next page. C-THERM TCi SYSTEM TRANSIENT PLANE SOURCE METHOD HOT-WIRE METHOD NEEDLE PROB METHOD Figure 2 Summary of Techniques to measure thermal conductivity of solids Transient Techniques Methods to measure thermal conductivity of solids Steady State Techniques Comparative Method Pipe Test Method Cut Bar Method Guarded Hot Plate Method 6.1.1 HOT-WIRE METHOD It exists in three forms which include single, crossed resistive wires and two parallel wires distant apart. It is utilized to measure thermal conductivity of refractories and takes several assumptions into account which pursue as: Isotropic Material with Uniform preliminary Temperature Figure 3 Setup of Hot-Wire method (2010, Home, [Internet], Available at: http://www.tpl.fpv.ukf.sk/engl_vers/hot_wire.htm , accessed on 8 October 2010)Hot wire an ideal, infinite thin, and long line heat supply Thermal Conductivitycan be determined by temperature vs. time response (K) due to production of heat flux (q) in the wire surrounded in the sample. Equation 2 Measurement of thermal Conductivity using Hot-Wire Method Advantages Disadvantages Precise Extensive Procedure of measuring at specified temperature Simplistic in Configuration Not utilized to measure thermal conductivity of anisotropic material Short Duration in Measurement Expertise required Table 3 Advantages and Disadvantages of Hot-wire Method 6.1.2 NEEDLE PROB METHOD It is utilized to measure thermal conductivity of materials as well as thermal diffusivity and specific heat. It has the ability for in-situ measurements and effective contact of the sample with a single tiny gap. When measuring the thermal conductivities of solids, samples are outfitted with hole machined in order to enclose probe diameter whilst measuring liquids, probes are pushed into the samples that are to be tested. This method consists of hollow tube functioning as heat supply element and temperature sensor estrange by means of medium with high thermal conductivity and electrical insulation to ensure minor difference of radial temperature within the probe. 6.1.3 TRADITIONAL TRANSIENT PLANE SOURCE METHOD (TPS) Figure 4 Apparatus of TPS (2010, Home, [Internet] Available at: http://www.ask.com/wiki/Thermal_conductivity_measurement , 10 October 2010)It is also acknowledged as Hot Disk Method and has several advantages such as accurate, comprehensiveness and ease of application. It consists of a flat sensor along with continuous double spiral of electrically conducting nickel metal etched out of thin foil and clad between two layer of kapton which provides mechanically stability and electrically insulation to the sensor. The rise in temperature is caused when current passes through nickel spiral and heat formed is dispersed by sample. Thermal conductivity is measured by recording temperature vs. time response in the sensor. In addition, modified traditional transient plane source method imparts maximum flexibility for scrutinizing thermal conductivity of liquids and powder and sustain heating element on a support. It utilizes single surface interfacial heat reflectance sensor that provides constant heat to the sample and functions temporarily. 6.1.4 TRANSIENT LINE SOURCE METHOD (C-THERM TCi SYSTEM) It is the infinite line source with constant power per unit length and identical in principle to Hot-wire method. In order to determine temperature at a certain distance the following equation was taken into consideration: Equation 3 Measurement of temperature using C-Therm TCi System where: Q = Power per unit Length E = Exponential Integral t = Time Passed since Heating 6.1.5 PIPE TEST METHOD Figure 5 Apparatus of Pipe Test Method (2010, Home, [Internet], Available at: http://www.evitherm.org/default.asp?lan=1ID=894Menu1=894 , 13 October 2010)It is identical in concept to the guarded hot plate method. It consists of a central heater which contains a cylinder placed in such a way that the heater achieves a constant temperature by means of alteration in spacing of windings in the heater in permutation with the utilization of concise split guard heaters at the ends. It can operate horizontally and vertically by situating the apparatus in a stable environment. It employs radial flow to determine thermal conductivity of minerals, plastics etc. 6.1.6 COMPARATIVE TECHNIQUE Figure 6 Apparatus of Comparative Technique (2010, Home, [Internet], Available at: http://www.evitherm.org/default.asp?lan=1ID=893Menu1=893 , 15 October 2010)A test specimen is crammed under load flanked by two reference materials; each is bounded by longitudinal guard cylinder. This results in production of temperature gradient along with the stack as well as longitudinal heat flows as consequences of temperature gradient in the guard cylinder to that in specimen stack. Therefore, the thermal conductivity is measured by recording the difference in temperature across the reference and test specimen. It has several advantages which pursue as: Versatile Simple in implementation Adaptable It is also known as the workhorse of the thermal conductivity field and can be utilized to measure homogenous and heterogeneous composite solids. 6.1.7 GUARDED HOT-PLATE METHOD Figure 7 Apparatus of Guarded Hot Plate Method (2010, Home; [Internet], Available at: http://www.azom.com/details.asp?ArticleID=2667 , 16 October 2010)The test material is positioned on a flat plate heater with electrically heated inner plate surrounded by guard heater. Its function is to maintain similar temperature at both sides of the gap extricating the main and guard heaters as a result, prevention of lateral heat flow and heat energy flows in the direction of sample. Calculated direct current is functioned to the hot plate and numerous temperatures across cold plates and heater is controlled in order to give off constant temperature at the sample surfaces. Hence, the accuracy of thermal conductivity measurements is dependent on conservation of constant temperature conditions and is measured by Fourier heat flow equation: Equation 4 Measurement of Thermal Conductivity using Guarded Hot plate method where: W = Electrical Power Input dT = Difference in temperature across the specimens d = Sample thickness 6.1.8 CUT-BAR TECHNIQUE Figure 8 Apparatus of Cut-Bar Technique (2010, Home, [Internet] Available at: http://www.anter.com/TN67.htm , 17 October 2010)It is utilized for axial thermal conductivity measurements. An unknown thermal conductivity disk sample is sandwiched between two known thermal conductivity cylinder metal brass by thermal grease and pliable metal in order to reduce interfacial thermal between the cylinders. In addition, a thermocouple situated along the three material pieces produces information on the rate of heat flow by the two known thermal conductivity. Hence, thermal conductivity is calculated using the following equation: Equation 5 Measurement of thermal Conductivity using cut-bar technique There are some other techniques to measure thermal conductivity of solids which include: Steady-State techniques Transient Techniques Four-Probe Method Laser Flash Method Guarded Heat Flow Method Angstrom Method Heat Flow Meter Method Photo thermal Method Transient Hot Strip Method Table 4 Other Techniques to measure thermal conductivity of solids 6.2 METHODS TO MEASURE THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF LIQUIDS Liquids particles are situated in a cubic lattice, as energy moves from a single lattice plane to the following at a speed at which sound passes through the liquid of interest. Thermal conductivity can be estimated using Bridgemans equation: Equation 6 Bridgemans Equation where: N = Avogadros Constant = (6.023 x 1023) K = (Boltzmanns Constant) = (1.3807 x 10-23 J/K) V= Molar Mass = M/à Ã‚  = Speed of sound through fluid sample A summary of different techniques to measure thermal conductivities of liquids is shown on next page. LASER FLASH METHOD HOT-WIRE METHOD DIFFRENTIAL SCANNING CALORIMTER TRANSIENT TECHNIQUES 3 OMEGA METHOD STEADY STATE TECHNIUQES RADIAL HEAT FLOW APPARATUS CALORIMETER PHOTOPYROELECTRIC DEVICE METHODS TO MEASURE THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF LIQUIDS Figure 9 Techniques to measure thermal conductivity of liquids 6.2.1 HOT-WIRE METHOD The apparatus consists of hot-wire cells utilizing electrically insulated hot wires dependent on an electrically conducting fluid. Wires of minute diameter are immersed within the fluid and utilized simultaneously as an electrical resistance as well as resistance thermometers, thus to enable calculation of the increase in temperature due to the resistance heating. Thermal conductivity is determined using the same process as mentioned above. Finite dimensions of the fluid can be improved, however modification to the finite dimension of wire can be reduced by utilizing minute hot-wires. 6.2.2 3-OMEGA METHOD Its features include a heating frequency (of 10 KHz), direct measurement of thermal conductivity and temperature range of -190 to 500. It comprises of alternating current and lock in amplifier to estimate thermal conductivity of the dielectric materials directly. Advantages of 3-Omega Method are being precise and fast. Thin metal situated on the specimen, an alternating current with frequency à Ã¢â‚¬ ° exceeds via strip causing heating of the material and measurement of voltage v (t) simultaneously. In addition, assumption of the heat flow along the cross plane axis of the film results in determination of the thermal conductivity using the following equation: Equation 7 Determination of thermal conductivity using 3 Omega Method where: P1 = Power b = Width of the strip =Increase in temperature oscillation of the strip 6.2.3 LASER FLASH METHOD A liquid sample is sandwiched between a minute thin metal disk and a sampler holder. Sample holder minimizes thermal contact with the sample plus suppresses stray light transmitted from the laser to the IR detector. At the time when the laser beam is taken in the front surface of the metal disk, the heat flows downward through liquid sample and temperature rises. Thus, thermal conductivity can be estimated by the disks foil temperature without measuring the thickness of the sample liquid layer and reference material. 6.2.4 DIFFERENTIAL SCANNING CALORIMETER (DSC) It is a linear heating process that has super imposed sinusoidal oscillation which yields in cyclic heating of the sample. Advantages of the method pursue as: Short Analysis time No instrument modification Figure 10 Apparatus of DSC (2010, Home, [Internet], Available at: http://pslc.ws/macrogcss/dsc.html, 1 November 2010) http://pslc.ws/macrogcss/dsc.html Small thermal gradient across the sample Experiment is performed in a non-adiabatic surrounding; numerous unknown specimens with identical length and cross sectional areas are formed. Furthermore, known specimens with their conductivity and a density supplied to the unknown specimen are formed with identical length and cross sectional to the unknown specimen. Each specimen is subjected to an equal amount of rise in heat to estimate the specific heat capacity. Therefore, the thermal conductivity obtained is: Equation 8 Measurement of thermal conductivity using DSC where: D = diameter of the specimen M = Mass of the specimen = Specific heat capacity 6.2.5 CALORIMETER A device designed to overcome the effects of convection that Prevents accurate measurement of liquids conductivities. Measures organic liquids conductivity rapidly and has several advantages which follow as: Short time measurement Accuracy Constant current passes via thermistor which functions as a heating element immersed in the liquid sample. As conductivity varies with liquid, the rate of temperature varies with liquids. Hence, thermal conductivity is inversely proportional to rate of temperature change. 6.2.6 RADIAL HEAT FLOW APPARATUS Figure 11 Apparatus of Radia Heat Flow (2010, Home, [Internet], Available at: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?pid=S0104-66321999000400009script=sci_arttext, 27 October 2010)A steady-state technique which offers variation of conductivity under pressure as well as absolutes values of conductivity. It is fast and requires a small pressure gradient. Liquid sample is situated between two concentric cylinders (brass and Pyrex glass construction), the axis of the inner cylinder acts as a supply of heat which flows out radially crossways the layer of fluid. Measurements of difference in temperature between inner and an outer surface of the layer of the fluid are taken to obtain thermal conductivity. 6.3 METHODS TO MEASURE THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF GAS Figure 12 TCD to measure thermal Conductivity of Gas (2010, Home, [Internet], Available at: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttextpid=S0103-50532004000600009, 2 November 2010) Thermal conductivity detector (TCD) is utilized to measure thermal conductivity of gas by pulse injection. Heat is transmitted from hot to cold element by way of thermal conduction passing through the carrier gas. However, the difference in temperature between hot and cold element is maintained. Due to the thermal flow energy into the gas medium thermal gradient is generated. The power need to heat the hot element is a direct evaluation of the electrically signal output for the thermal conductivity. DISCUSSION As mentioned above, the project is currently at the beginning of the research phase. Investigation into the areas described above is vital as the information gathered will have implications on the selection of the technique for the experiment. The project objectives should be met on schedule as there are not any limitations restricting the project from completion. Whilst performing the experiment in the near future, there may be some timing conflicts as there will be other students using the same machinery in the workshop but as enough time is allocated for the task in hand there should not be any difficulty in completing the objectives. Although there may be some complications when obtaining results, however with the knowledge and experience available via the lab technicians any problem(s) shall be duly addressed. CONCLUSION In conclusion the project aims and deliverables have been identified and the required tasks needed achieve the aims and produce the deliverables have been identified and discussed. An initial Gantt chart has been drawn up to illustrate the sequences and durations of the tasks to be completed. It can be seen that the performance so far is coincident with the planned set of activities for this time period within the Gantt chart. As a result, it is expected that the project is likely to be completed on time.

Moral Absolutes Essay

Why are Christian ethics and theology inseparable? What did Francis Schaeffer mean when he said that not all things are the same to God? Christian ethics is inseparable from theology because it is grounded in the character of God. Francis Schaeffer said that not all things are the same to God and means that God exists and has a character, but not all things are the same to him. Some things conform to His character, and some are opposed to his character. 2. What did Schaeffer conclude about a society without moral absolutes? Do we see this in society? Schaeffer concludes that if a society has no moral absolutes then there is no final appeal to judge between individuals and groups whose moral judgments conflict. There will be no standards and only conflicting opinions. 3. On what authority do Christians base their belief in moral absolutes? How specific is this authority? Christians base their beliefs in moral absolutes through the Bible. Of course, you cannot solve all moral decisions by referring to the Bible but there sufficient guidelines provided to give us a sense of what is morally right. These guidelines are the Decalogue also known as the Ten Commandments and tat is how specific the authority is. 4. Ethically speaking, what are Christians called to do? Christians are called to love the Lord with all their heart, all their soul, and with all their strength and with their entire mind and love your neighbor as yourself. 5. What did Dietrich Bonhoeffer mean by the question, â€Å"Where are the responsible people? He meant Christians, who are willing to treat God’s moral order with the same respect they show His physical order; who love God with their whole body, soul, spirit, mind and strength; who treat others as they desire to be treated. Ethics 3. 2 6. Why do Muslims view Muhammad as morally exemplary even though the Hadith does not paint a flattering portrait of his life? Muslims are conditioned to look at the whole picture through the eyes of faith. Certain things that the Prophet did do not conform to ordinary ideas of morality and may be considered sensual and cruel, but believers look at the whole thing differently. To them morality derives from the Prophet’s actions; the moral is whatever he did. Morality does not determine the Prophet’s actions, but his actions determines morality. 7. How do Christianity and Islam differ in relation to their beliefs about ethical absolutes? Christianity and Islam differ because Christianity is based on the Bible and Islam is based on the Qur’an and the Bible grounds morality in God’s essential character; the Qur’an teaches that God cannot be ultimately known. 8. In what two ways is the term jihad used? First: the battle against temptation and sin for the sake of self-control and the development of virtue; Second: the battle against any and all who oppose Islam. 9. What motivates Muslims to behave ethically? They are motivated by several fronts like: to develop personal virtue and spirituality, to better the state of others, to strengthen relationships, and to anticipate the coming judgment. 10. Which motivation is strongest? The anticipation of final judgment. Ethics 3. 3 11. What is the ultimate ethical question for a Secular Humanist? What questions did Morris B. Storer outline in his book Humanist Ethics? The ultimate ethical question for a Secular Humanist is Can morality be achieved without the foundation of absolute religious beliefs? Who makes the rules, God or men? Morris B. Storer outlined: Is personal advantage the measure of right and wrong or the advantage of all affected? Is there truth in ethics? Are right and wrong expressions of heart or head? Do people have free wills? Do you measure morality by results or by principles? Do people have duties as well as rights? 12. Why are there such diverse views and conflicts regarding humanistic ethics? There are diverse views and conflicts because there is a lack of consensus about the foundation of ethics and that is problematic for the whole concept of Humanistic ethics. 13. Who proposed the â€Å"no-truth thesis† and what does it state? Kai Nelson and it states that no question of the truth or falsity of moral values can sensibly arise. 14. How do most humanists attempt to dodge the â€Å"no-truth thesis†? How does Corliss Lamont address this issue? They attempt to doge it by claiming that they use reason to determine right and wrong in the context of ethical relativism. Lamont addresses the issue with optimism stating that as long as we pursue activities that are healthy, socially useful and in accordance with reason, pleasure and happiness will accompany us and the supreme good will the eventual result. 15. What did Arthur E. Gravatt, Joseph Fletcher, Herbert W. Schneider, and Paul Kurtz have to say about Ethics? Dr. Arthur E. Gravatt: Moral behavior may differ from situation to situation. Behavior might be moral for one person and not another or moral at one time and not another. Joseph Fletcher: Rights and wrongs are determined by objective facts or circumstances, that is, by the situations in which moral agents have to decide for the most beneficial course open to choice. Herbert W. Schneider: Morality is â€Å"an experimental art† and is the â€Å"basic art of living well together. † Moral right and wrong must therefore be conceived in terms of moral standards generated in a particular society. Paul Kurtz: Moral principles should be treated as hypotheses, tested by their practical worth and judged by what they cause to happen. Ethics 3. 4 16. How did Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels view the issue of morality? Marx and Engels denied that moral ideals, moral considerations, are central in human life and social evolution. Rather, it is biological and social evolution that determines their definition of morality. What is right and wrong is determined by what is best for evolution. 17. What is the Marxist-Leninist morality of the future? How will it be determined? Their morality of the future is when the proletariat finally destroys the bourgeoisie. The new classless society will determine the new morality, just as this evolution toward a classless society is dictating today’s morality. 18. What is the Marxist-Leninist view of â€Å"old morality?They view old morality as products of the bourgeoisie invented and used by the propertied class to oppress the propertyless proletariat. 19. What is the Marxist code of ethics according to the book Scientific Communism? â€Å"Devotion to the cause of the working class, collectivism, mutual aid, comradely solidarity, hatred toward the bourgeois ie and toward traitors to the common cause, internationalism, and stoicism in struggle are traits which not only define the content of proletarian ethics, but also characterize the moral image of the typical representatives of the working class. 20. What means have Marxists historically believed would bring about a society without class distinction? What have been the results of such an ethical system? They believe that revolution is the most efficient means for creating a society without class distinctions. This system is responsible for 83 million deaths between 1917 and 1964. But from a Marxist-Leninist point of view, it is worth the price if people die to abolish social classes and private property.

Recidivism And The Criminal Justice System - 1686 Words

Currently there are 2.4 million inmates in state and federal prisons across the United States. (Cullen, 2011) Each year, more than 700,000 individuals are released from state and federal prisons. Statistics indicate that more than two-thirds of state prisoners are rearrested within three years of their release and half are reincarcerated. High rates of recidivism mean more crime, more victims and more pressure on an already overburdened criminal justice system. A topic of much discussion is what happens when the inmates are released back into society? Are they prepared for the â€Å"outside† world? Has the institution done enough to prevent recidivism? It can be said that prison based education is a means of rehabilitating and re-direction. If someone is released with only the same knowledge, skills, and abilities they entered prison with, then they are likely to become involved in the same activities as prior to being incarcerated. This action is known in the criminal justice community as recidivism. Recidivism is a tendency to relapse into a previous condition or mode of behavior. (Merriam-Webster, 2014) Recidivism is the largest concern for prison system professionals. The goal of most prisons is to rehabilitate the offender, not to punish per say. If the inmate is to return to free society, prison officials need to attempt to reduce or eliminate the possibility of committing criminal offenses upon release. Currently prisons provide various forms of education toShow MoreRelatedRecidivism in the United States Criminal Justice System Essay1203 Words   |  5 PagesRecidivism in the United States Criminal Justice System An ongoing and increasingly evident issue in the criminal justice system is how convicted individuals reenter society with little or no gradual process. These individuals often resort back to criminal activity in an act termed recidivism. According to the National institute of Justice(NIJ), recidivism â€Å"refers to a person’s relapse into criminal behavior, often after the person receives sanctions or undergoes intervention for a previousRead MoreThe Criminal Justice System : An Analysis Of Income And Racial Inequality Essay1586 Words   |  7 PagesRyan Williams English 102 Professor 6 May 2015 The Criminal Justice System: an Analysis of Income and Racial Inequality In the history of civilized communities, one finds that different structures and practices are relevant and necessary to uphold and maintain order within society—hence, the establishment of the criminal justice system. The criminal justice system, according to the Oxford Dictionaries (2010), is defined as â€Å"the system of law enforcement that is directly involved in apprehendingRead MoreThe Goal of the United States Criminal Justice System794 Words   |  4 Pages Within the United States Criminal Justice System, it is not only goal to simply punish those who break the law, but to also reduce the level of criminal activity. In order to fulfill this important aspect of the Criminal Justice System, offenders must be rehabilitated and motivated to refrain from engaging in further criminal activity so that they do not return to prison. Since the early 1990’s, our country’s crime rate has been declining. Studies such as the Pew Safety Performance Project pointRead MoreRecidivism Rates Among Recently Criminal Offenders988 Words   |  4 Pagesto identify the recidivism rates among recently criminal offenders, the professionals that decide if the offender will commit a crime upon release, and the methods they use to determine if the criminal offender is at risk for recidivism. This research also includes the criminals who are at the highest rate for recidivism. Finally if there are necessary steps to prevent recidivism before and after release. Introduction to Recidivism Recidivism is the return to criminal activity afterRead MoreEvaluating The Effectiveness Of Maryland s Correctional Education Program1486 Words   |  6 PagesAbstract: This research proposals seeks to evaluate the effectiveness of Maryland’s Correctional Education program, by examining Maryland’s Criminal Justice Reinvestment program. The goal of the reinvestment program is to reinvest freed funds from closing select prisons back into the criminal justice system and use them to improve correctional education and rehabilitation programs. The end goal is to have an ex-offender that is able to provide for themselves without returning back to crime. StudiesRead MoreThe Mental Impairment And Unfitness Act1285 Words   |  6 Pagesprocessed through the criminal justice system or mental health system instead of his/her mental health issues. However, this legislation has several challenges including the likelihood of mentally ill offenders to receive unsuitable sentences because of being processed by a mainstream non-specialized Court (Hunter, n.d.). The offenders are usually punished for offenses they were not criminally responsible or cannot remember involvement in it. Problems in Australia’s Criminal Justice System In essence, itRead MoreRehabilitation and Recidivism1436 Words   |  6 PagesBachelors Capstone in Criminal Justice (P) Barbara Mitchell June 16, 2010 Abstract Over many years there has been great debate about whether rehabilitation reduces the rate of recidivism in criminal offenders. There has been great controversy over whether anything works to reduce recidivism and great hope that rehabilitation would offer a reduction in those rates. In this paper I will introduce information and views on the reality of whether rehabilitation does indeed reduce recidivism. Proposed is aRead MoreProbation Effectiveness And Perceptions Of Recidivism1316 Words   |  6 PagesProbation Effectiveness Perceptions of Recidivism As a citizen, a member of my community, and a taxpayer, I greatly admire the work that probation officers and other members of our corrections system do for our society. However, I do not believe enough is being done. Recidivism is â€Å"a person s relapse into criminal behavior, often after the person receives sanctions or undergoes intervention for a previous crime† (National Institute of Justice, 2014). Recidivism is an important measure of programRead MoreThe Criminal Justice System For Two Reasons784 Words   |  4 PagesWomen enter the criminal justice system for two reasons. First, they want to become part of the criminal justice machine and acquire some professional and legal status. Second, they commit a crime and must go to prison. The focus of the present critique is on the study that tested the validity of a prison inmate inventory and its implications for the criminal justice field. The discussed article was published by Degiorgio in the International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative CriminologyRead MoreJuvenile Offenders And The Criminal Justice System1307 Words   |  6 Pagesis and how do we define it. According to The Free Dictionary recidivism is defined as â€Å"The behavior of a repeat or habitual criminal.† Juvenile offenders are studied on the re-offense that will occur and it is said that from 70% to 90% of offenders will re-offend. In the light of the criminal justice system and recidivism there is not actual consensus on what a criminal recidivism counts as, for example whether it counts as a repeat probation violation. National data that exist proves that 6 out

Niccolo Machiavelli s The Prince Of Princes During The...

Machiavellian, nowadays, is a synonym for someone that is cruel and self-interested. While in reality, Niccolà ² Machiavelli, a counsellor of Princes during the Florentine Republic, was one of the greatest defenders of people’s liberty and political self-determination. He is depicted in such erroneous ways because his amoral and realist point of view was extremely controversial during the time he lived. Yet, the writer always defended the people and their interests as a whole. As mentioned before, Machiavelli lived in the Florentine Republic. He was member of a consul in which each representative was elected by civilians. Therefore, he was heavily involved with domestic affairs and even militia (in fact, he was one of the first advocates†¦show more content†¦Yet, he always claimed that religion was an important aid to the state as it taught discipline, unity and goodness to citizens. And in his perception, these traits are so important because they guide civilians to work towards a common good instead of personal and materialistic matters. Thus, Machiavelli has always defended the use of the Church’s teachings for the common good. As a result, according to Machiavelli, due Fortuna, future is something that is created, not something out there waiting to happen. Furthermore, there is an uncertain nature of the future, as one might have bad luck; therefore, future is fundamentally unwritten and uncertain. Additionally, there are not universal rules nor morals. Accordingly, a leader must always: 1) be flexible; 2) insert himself (highly misogynist era) into the context that his people are living. By flexible, the writer meant being able to respond to time and its changes; meaning that a ruler must be prepared for unexpected events, as everything changes overtime according to context, even human nature itself. And the only way to be adequately attentive to the world and adequately flexible to changes, is by inserting oneself into the context that the population is living. Therefore, Machiavelli has always defended that it is highly important to be in touch with what the people are feelingShow MoreRelatedMachiavelli s Principles Of Princedom1449 Words   |  6 PagesMachiavelli’s Principles of Princedom When reading The Prince by Niccolà ³ Machiavelli, one will find a vast list of ways a prince should and should not act/rule. Many of the references Machiavelli makes, expands from Europe to Egypt. The propositions in this book go back to the fifteenth century and early sixteenth century. Starting with who Machiavelli is, the purpose of this paper is to explain some of his philosophies on how an ideal prince rules and acts, along with the conditions of his timeRead MoreNiccolo Machiavelli s The Prince1719 Words   |  7 PagesMachiavelli’s, The Prince, a book written by Niccolà ² Machiavelli, is a read that most people wouldn’t prefer to read as a first option but in defense to Niccolo, it brings out many themes such as Goodwill and Hatred, Free will, and Human Nature. â€Å"It is known from his personal correspondence that The Prince was written during 1513, the year after the Medici took control of Florence, and a few months after Machiavelli s arrest, torture, and banishment by the Medici regime† (Bio.com). The novel wasRead MoreNiccolo Machiavelli s The Prince879 Words   |  4 Pages Machiavelli wrote The Prince in 16th-century. His methods of acquiring and maintaining rule over people are not relevant in today’s modern American society. There are many principles that are still true in politics today, but the methods of ruling can no longer be used in American society today. Niccolà ² Machiavelli was born in Florence, Italy in 1496. He was a diplomat in Italy s Florentine Republic for fourteen years. This was during the Medici family exile, and when they returned, MachiavelliRead MoreEssay about Machiavellis Reputation in the Modern World2985 Words   |  12 PagesMachiavellis Reputation in the Modern World Niccolà ² Machiavelli was known during much his life as a part of the republican government in Florence until 1512. At that time, the Medici family took over the city and ruled under a more monarchical system. From that point until his death in 1527, Machiavelli was always just on the outside of Florentine politics. He would occasionally get work from the Medici but his tasks were never as important as they had been under the republican governmentRead More Analysis of Mores The Prince and Utopia Essay1545 Words   |  7 Pages Niccolo Machiavelli was born in Florence, Italy in 1469 to a middleclass family. The time in which Machiavelli lived Italy as a country was not united but divide and split into little providences and republics. He latter became responsible for the Florentine militia against the Medici government and rule. When the Medici power reclaimed Florence Machiavelli was arrested for conspiracy he was tortured and then banished from Florence. During his banishment he wrote the book The Prince in 1513Read MoreThe Prince By Niccolo Machiavelli1843 Words   |  8 Pages Term Paper: Analytical Essay on a Primary Source: â€Å"The Prince† The Prince by Niccolà ² Machiavelli was created as a gift to Lorenzo de Medici, this gift was what Machiavelli considered to be most precious, it served as an â€Å"opportunity of understanding in the shortest time all that I have learnt in so many years.† Written initially in Italian, Machiavelli used this gift as a chance to teach young Medici to how be a successful prince, but first let us better understand a bit more about Machiavelli’sRead MoreMachiavelli As A Renaissance Man2969 Words   |  12 PagesMachiavelli as a Renaissance Man For centuries, periods of history have been defined by their distinct values, their tastes in art, music, literature, and politics. If you hear the term Romantic Era your mind is immediately transported to hear the soft music of Lizt, Schubert, or Chopin, and your eyes begin to see waves of the soft colours found in the paintings of Turner, Goya, and Blake. You might even begin reciting a line from a poem by Lord Byron or a quote from one of Jane Austen s belovedRead MoreMachiavelli s The Power Of Fear Essay2150 Words   |  9 Pagesfirst brought into light by Niccolà ² di Bernardo dei Machiavelli, who was an Italian Renaissance historian, politician, diplomat, philosopher, humanist, and writer. He has often been called the founder of modern political science. He was for many years a senior official in the Florentine Republic, with responsibilities in diplomatic and military affairs. He also wrote comedies, carnival songs, and poetry. He wrote his most renowned work The Prince (Il Principe) in 1513 during the turbulent days of theRead MoreInfluence Of The Renaissance On Modern Western Society Essay1712 Words   |  7 Pagesrenaissance Italy, Florence and Venice. These small city-states were the powerhouses of the time and assisted speeding up the renaissance and helped spur revolutionary developments along the way being the main hubs of influence in the Italian peninsula during the late 13th and early 16th century. Florence could be characterized as a financial centre, with their banking system considered extraordinarily ahead of time; in addition being the main producers of fine elevated their chances to conduct successfulRead MoreThe Current Sovereignty Dispute On Ukraine2693 Words   |  11 Pagesimplementing the works of Niccolo Machiavelli. Indeed, one can simply go chapter by chapter from works such as â€Å"The Prince† and see striking similarities. But what if Ukraine’s response was different? What if they responded to Russian militar y incursions and action on their territory the same way? Major changes were about Western Europe during the Renaissance Period, particularly in the military and political affairs. Many of the changes were a result of development during the Middle Ages in Europe